Facing History will be at the Hirshhorn Museum until September 20, 2015

By Cherrie Yu

Shirin Neshat was born in Qazvin, Iran in 1957. She lived in Iran until! 1975 when she left for the US to attend college. She did not retur! to Iran until 1990. Neshat’s works deal with a state of in between, of being on a cultural middle ground. Her photography series and her video works refer to the political upheavals in Iran that span from the 1950s to the early 2000s. Through creating art, Neshat tried to understand the experience of Iranian women during her 15 years of absence and find power in her own cultural identity.

Shirin Neshat: Facing History, curated by the Hirshhorn Museum, does not put Neshat’s works in the sequence that they were created, but in the sequence of the!  Iranian! political events being referenced. The exhibition started with Munis, 2008, Neshat’s film adaptation of Shahrnush Parsipur’s novel The Women without Men. The film referred to the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, when British and American backed forces removed the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Mossadegh had sought to audit the books of the Ango-Iranian Oil Company to change the company’s access to Iran’s petroleum reserves. The overthrowing of Mossadegh gave the UK and the U.S. easier access to Iran’s oil wealth. In Munis, the viewers first see Munis sitting in a room listening to the radio, eager to know about the protests on the street. Then her brother enters, brutally unplugs the radio, and tells her to get ready to meet a suitor. In the next scene, Munis jumps down from a rooftop and lies next to a! man wounded i! the protest.  Then we see Munis on the street along wit! others protesting against the imperialistic forces that ousted the democratic leader. In the end, Munis leaves the wounded protester and walks away from the empty playground. Neshat gives her female protagonist more and more power and resource as the film goes on, and the ending indicates a state of ultimate freedom from oppression and violence.

After Munis is the Women of Allah series that Neshat created after her return to Iran in 1990, upon which she felt the drastic changes the Iran had gone through in her 15 years of absence.

In 1979, Iran went through an Islamic Revolution and replaced the Shah with an authoritarian theocracy. In 1983 the government passed the compulsory veiling law demanding that women wear veils in both public and private domains. Starting in 1980, Iran and Iraq started an armed conflict that lasted until1988.

All photographs from the Women of Allah series are black and white. These women have calligraphy of Persian poetry written on their body. They are all veiled and most of them are presented with a gun. This whole series is full of conflicts: the exposed parts of a body, either the bottom of feet or a face, opposed to the hard and cold surface of the gun; the disturbed and fragile look of one woman, opposed to the expressionless of another woman holding a gun.  The poetry on the bodies of the women are written by Iranian female poets Tahereh Saafarzadeh and Forough Farrokhzad, and the theme of these texts are often exile, martyrdom and femininity. Mellisa Ho, one of the people who organized the exhibit, wrote that “far from presenting a monolithic, abiding portrait of Muslim womanhood, Women of Allah shows an artist grappling with the shifting an contradictory ideologies that have been projected on the figure of the Iranian woman, both by the government of the Islamic republic and by the west.”

Following Women of Allah are three video works. They are Turbulent, Rapture, and Fervor. Fervor commented on the prohibition in Iran against women singing in public. Neshat has two screens facing each other, one showing a male singer performing to male audiences, the other showing a veiled female singer in an empty space. Rapture also has two screens facing each other. One screen showing men running around in a fortress, the other! shows women walking on a plain. In the end a couple of women sail away and the men wave them goodbye. The theme of Rapture is more abstract, but the ending does correspond with that of Munis, where the women break free. Fervor comments on the taboo on sexual license. Unlike the last two pieces, the two screens are placed next to each other. A man and a woman encounter on a country road. Then they both go to a gathering where an authority figure preaches to a gender-segregated crow! about the harm that sex brings to the individuals and the community. In the end the woman leaves the gathering in silent protest.

The rest of the exhibit includes Neshat’s The Book of Kings Series, which is a response to the Iranian Green Movement after the 2009 Iranian election. Our House Is on Fire is a response to the aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The whole exhibit ends with a video piece named Soliloquy. Here Neshat focuses on her own cultural identity as an individual. She again! uses two opposing video projections in this piece, this time to call attention to her middle-ground cultural identity as an Iranian American.

Cherrie Yu is a WIFP Associate. She is a rising junior at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

Facing History will be at the Hirshhorn Museum until September 20, 2015.